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    • 专利摘要:
    Pore foamed materials interconnected with host phases, process for the preparation of said materials and uses thereof. The present invention relates to a foamed material comprising: - a structural matrix (1), - at least one host phase (2), and - a fluid, characterized in that the structural matrix (1) comprises a plurality of porous cavities (3) interconnected between each other, the host phase (s) (2) is/are housed inside of at least one porous cavity (3).) of the structural matrix (1) and the fluid is housed inside the porous cavities (3). The present invention also relates to the process for preparing the foamed material of the present invention and to the different uses of the foamed material of the present invention.
    公开号:ES2695849A1
    申请号:ES201730890
    申请日:2017-07-05
    公开日:2019-01-11
    发明作者:Jorda José Miguel Molina
    申请人:Universidad de Alicante；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001]
    [0002] MATERIALS FOAMED PORO INTERCONNECTED WITH PHASES GUESTS, PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF SUCH MATERIALS AND USES OF THEM.
    [0003]
    [0004] TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
    [0005]
    [0006] The present invention is encompassed in the field of foamed materials and in particular it refers to an interconnected pore foamed material containing within its porous cavities at least one host phase, which provides specific functionalities to the foamed material.
    [0007]
    [0008] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    [0009]
    [0010] Foamed materials with interconnected pores have been known for a long time. The first advances reported in this line are from the 60s and explain processes for the manufacture of metal foams.
    [0011]
    [0012] Since then many methods have been developed for the manufacture of foamed materials of metals, ceramics and polymers. The vast range of manufacturing methods can be classified into four groups, depending on the state of aggregation of the foam precursor material (Banhart, J., 2001. Manufacture, characterization and application of cellular metals and metal foams, Prog. Mater. Sci. 46, 559-632).
    [0013]
    [0014] The methods are the following:
    [0015]
    [0016] Processed in liquid state : The precursor material is in liquid state. The most important synthesis routes of this type of processing are the following:
    [0017] a) Direct injection of gas into the liquid.
    [0018] b) Introduction of gas generating agents.
    [0019] c) Solidification from solid-gas eutectic ("gasars").
    [0020] d) Fusion of powder mixtures with gas generating agents.
    [0021] e) Lost mold molding with polymeric foams.
    [0022] f) Infiltration of martyr preforms.
    [0023] g) Metallic atomization ("Osprey process").
    [0024] - Processing in solid state: The precursor material is in solid state. The following routes are the most important:
    [0025] h) Partial sintering of particles and fibers.
    [0026] i) Sintering with gas occlusion.
    [0027] j) Foaming of sludge formed by powders, gas generating agents and additives.
    [0028] k) Pressurization and sintering of powders around martyrs.
    [0029] l) Sintering of hollow spheres.
    [0030] m) Sintering of powders and binders.
    [0031] n) Synthetic reagent of multicomponent systems.
    [0032] - Processing in steam state:
    [0033] o) Deposition from vapor phase on polymeric foams.
    [0034] - Processed in dissolved state:
    [0035] p) Electrochemical deposition on polymeric foams.
    [0036]
    [0037] Despite the wide range of production methods that these four groups generate, in fact there are only two different strategies to generate porosity (Korner C, Singer RF., 2001. Processing of metal foams - challenges and opportunities .Adv. Eng. Mater 2, 159-165):
    [0038]
    [0039] - Self formation: In it porosity is formed through a process of evolution according to physical principles. The nature of the porous cavities is stochastic and the structure of the cells is created to minimize the free energy of the system, including external forces and boundary conditions. Cell walls need to be stabilized by the addition of additives, since most pure materials (such as metals) do not tend to foam due to their high surface tension and low viscosity. The geometry of the cells can vary from spherical to polyhedral and, in general, they are closed cells, although often small cracks appear that communicate them. Among the self-training methods, the following list stands out: a, b, c, d, g, i, j.
    [0040] - Pre-design: The structure is created with the use of molds that determine the porous cavities. This strategy allows the formation of a greater spectrum of geometries and cell sizes, as well as relative densities. The porosity thus generated is more homogeneous than that due to self-formation and that is why the dispersion in the properties of these materials is lower. In this case the use of additives is not necessary, since the cell walls are stabilized by the walls of the mold.
    [0041] By means of this strategy, closed (or non-interconnected) and open (or interconnected) pore foams can be manufactured, depending on whether the mold forms part of the final material or is eliminated, respectively. Among the pre-design methods, the following list stands out: e, f, h, k, l, m, n, o, p.
    [0042]
    [0043] The foams manufactured so far following one of the above methods have been shown to have many applications, among which include the following: heat exchange, filtration, silencing, shock absorption, noise absorption, catalyst support, biomedical implants, etc. .
    [0044]
    [0045] Of all the methods developed that allows a better control of the material obtained is the method of infiltration of martyr preforms (method f) or also known as replication method.
    [0046]
    [0047] With this method metal, ceramic and polymer pore open pore (or interconnected) foams are made by filling by infiltration with the molten material of the foam (or some precursor thereof) of the open pores of a preform that is subsequently removed. In its most extended version, this method consists of the following steps:
    [0048]
    [0049] i) Choice of a finely divided slaughter material (particles or fibers) of such nature that it must meet the following requirements:
    [0050] to. it must be refractory with respect to the infiltrating liquid (having a higher melting / softening point than this);
    [0051] b. it must be easily eliminated by dissolution or controlled chemical reaction subsequent to infiltration;
    [0052] c. It must be chemically compatible with the material that will form the foam in all the steps of the process, including the infiltration and its elimination (it should not cause degradation or corrosion of the foam material).
    [0053] ii) Fabrication of a porous preform with the sacrificial material by means of some consolidation method such as compaction (this step may require the application of pressure, or pressure and vibrations, or also a heating step) or sintering.
    [0054] iii) Introduction of the preform into an infiltration chamber, where vacuum is applied and the temperature is subsequently increased to a temperature higher than the melting / softening temperature of the infiltrating liquid.
    [0055] iv) Infiltration of the preform with the infiltrating liquid by means of the application or not of mechanical or gaseous pressure so that the penetration of the liquid takes place in the porous cavities of the preform.
    [0056] v) Solidification of the matrix and elimination of the sacrificial material that constituted the original preform by means of dissolution or controlled chemical reaction, giving rise to a foam of interconnected pores.
    [0057]
    [0058] This method of replication has been used extensively with sacrificial particles constituted by sodium chloride (NaCl), as described in the patents that collect the original ideas of this method, US 3,210,166 and US 3,236,706. Many metallic, ceramic and polymeric foamed materials have been developed in which the porosity (in the range 50% -90%), the shape of the pores (using different forms of salt crystals) and pore sizes have been varied ( in the range 0.5 pm - 6 mm) (Banhart, J., 2001. Manufacture, characterization and application of cellular metals and metal foams, Prog. Mater. Sci. 46, 559-632); (Despois, J.F., Conde, Y., Marchi, C.S., Mortensen, A., 2004. Tensile behavior of replicated aluminum foams, Adv. Eng. Mater. 6, 444-447); (San Marchi, C., Mortensen, A., 2001. Deformation of open-cell aluminum foam, Mater Act 49, 3959-3969.); (San Marchi, C., Despois, J.F., Mortensen, A., 2004. Uniaxial deformation of open-cell aluminum foam: The role of internal damage, Act 52, 2895-2902); Goodall, R., Marmottant, A., Salvo, L., Mortensen, A., 2007. Spherical pore replicated microcellular aluminum: Processing and influence on properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 465,124-135.); (Prieto, R., Louis, E., Molina, J.M., 2012. Fabrication of mesophase pitch-derived open-pore carbon foams by replication processing, Carbon N. Y. 50, 1904-1912.).
    [0059]
    [0060] The advantages of this method over others are that the pores in the foamed material replicate the characteristics of the material that forms the preform and that it acts as a sacrificial material. In this way, the pores of the foamed material possess the characteristics of size, distribution of sizes and shape of the particles or fibers of the original preform constituted by the sacrificial material (Gaillard, C., Despois, JF, Mortensen, A., 2004. Processing of NaCI powders of controlled size and shape for the microstructural tailoring of aluminum foams, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 374, 250-262). For these reasons, the method of replication has been established as one of the most versatile for the manufacture of foams of all types: metallic, polymeric and ceramic (carbon, graphite, etc.).
    [0061]
    [0062] The method of replication requires the proper choice of the nature of the slaughter material, so that it meets the condition of being more refractory than liquid infiltrant and chemically compatible with it during all the steps of the process. The salt sodium chloride (NaCl) has a medium melting point (801 ° C) and therefore the manufacture of foams is limited to infiltrating liquids with melting points below 801 ° C. Thus, with preforms manufactured by compaction of NaCl particles, Al, Mg, Sn, Pb, etc. foams can be manufactured without difficulty. or its alloys by means of its infiltration with these metals and subsequent dissolution in aqueous solutions. However, by using NaCl particles, Ag or Cu foams can not be manufactured, for example, since these metals have melting points higher than 801 ° C. For these metals it is necessary to resort to other materials of higher melting point, such as carbon or graphite particles or fibers, which can be eliminated after infiltration with these metals by means of combustion in an atmosphere of air or salts of the type of the ones collected in US Pat. No. 3,210,166, which can be eliminated by dissolution in aqueous solutions. Additionally, other salts can also be used, such as K 2 CO 3 , (Count, Y., Despois, JF, Goodall, R., Marmottant, A., Salvo, L., Marchi, CS, Mortensen, A., 2006. Rep. Processing of highly porous materials, Adv. Eng. Mater. 8, 795-803), TiH 2 or CaCO3 (Lefebvre, BL, Banhart, J., Dunand, DC, 2008. Porous metals and metallic foams: current status and recent developments 10, 775-787), which can be eliminated by thermal decomposition (TiH 2 ) or by dissolution or thermal decomposition (K 2 CO 3 and CaCO 3 ), strontium fluorides (SrF 2 ) or barium (BaF 2 ), removable by solution, or NaAlO 2 , Afe (SO 4 ) 3 , BaS, K 2 SO 4 or Na 2 S (EP2118328), removable by dissolution. MgSO4 can also be used (Diologent, F., Combaz, E., Laporte, V., Goodall, R., Weber, L., Duc, F., Mortensen, A., 2009. Processing of Ag-Cu alloy foam by the replication process Scr. Mater. 61,351-354.), removable by dissolution or thermal decomposition, and SiO 2 , removable by dissolution in acid solution (Castrodeza, EM, Mapelli, C., Vedani, M., Arnaboldi, S ., Bassani, P., Tuissi, A., 2009. Processing of shape memory CuZnAl open-cell foam by molten metal infiltration, J. Mater, Eng. Perform, 18, 484-489).
    [0063]
    [0064] One of the most marked disadvantages of the method of replication is given by the limitation in the size and shape of the available salt crystals, as well as the fact that larger crystals (> 0.5 mm) can not be compacted in the same way as smaller ones , given its usual different geometry. In addition, for the larger crystals the dissolution times increase considerably and, with this, the processing costs and the risk that the foam can be affected by corrosion by contact with the solvent liquid. That is why processing routes have emerged that substitute sodium chloride particles (NaCl) for particles formed from a paste consisting of a mixture of NaCl, flour and water (EP 2118328); (US 8,151,860); (Goodall, R., Mortensen, A., 2007. Microcellular aluminum - child's play! Adv. Eng. Mater. 9, 951-954.).
    [0065]
    [0066] This paste is molded in the form of small masses of the desired geometry which, properly disposed, form a preform. Subsequently, this preform is subjected to a thermal treatment in which the carbohydrates of the flour pyrolyze and most of the carbon present is removed by reaction with oxygen. This leaves a salt preform that contains many small pores. The most obvious advantage in the use of these preforms is that they can dissolve in a time an order of magnitude lower than if they were made with salt crystals of equal size.
    [0067]
    [0068] Foams manufactured by replication have a wide spectrum of applications, given the fact that they can be designed according to specific needs. Some of them have proven to be suitable as catalyst support in reactions in gas or liquid phase, since the presence of interconnected pores allows the passage of fluid through them and therefore can be used in continuous reactors. However, its use has not been extended for this application because the foams that are intended to be used as catalyst support must meet two requirements, often contradictory:
    [0069]
    [0070] i) the foams must have a high specific surface, so as to allow a high dispersion of the catalytically active phase;
    [0071]
    [0072] ii) the pore size should not be too small to prevent the pressure drop of the fluid passing through it from being too large.
    [0073]
    [0074] In addition, the foams that intend to be used for these purposes must comply with another property: their thermal conductivity must be as high as possible to favor the transport of heat from or to the outside of the catalytic reactor (for endothermic or exothermic reactions, respectively).
    [0075]
    [0076] Some of the most recent developments in foams seem to combine the properties of good permeability to the passage of fluids with high thermal conductivities, as well as they allow to increase the specific surface of the foams by means of the incorporation of catalytic nanoparticles or that serve as support for anchored catalysts to the pore surface of the foams (Molina-Jordá, JM, 2016. Mesophase pitch-derived graphite foams with selective distribution of TiC nanoparticles for catalytic applications, Carbon NY 103, 5 8). In any case, the specific surface of these foamed materials (in the order of 1m2 / g) is still relatively low to be used in some catalytic applications.
    [0077] Additionally, the use of interconnected pore foams in medical applications of implantology has recently been postulated, since it is potentially possible to grow living tissue inside the cavities and thus reduce the risk of encysting that can occur when using a mass implant. The use, however, of materials with a relatively high specific surface area such as foams (with respect to mass materials) makes it more complicated to ensure their complete sterilization before application. That is why new special protocols for action must be designed in the activity of implantation of these materials in living beings.
    [0078]
    [0079] For some applications in electronics it would be convenient to use foams with certain magnetic properties. However, its use is restricted since until now only the manufacture of iron or cobalt foams, whose manufacture is very complicated and expensive due to the high melting points of these metals, has been proposed as a solution. In addition, its high density is limiting in the use of these materials for electronic systems in land or aeronautical transport.
    [0080]
    [0081] There is thus a need to develop new foamed materials of simple manufacture and with improved properties whose functionality is not limited by the material from which the foamed material is constituted, as well as by the size, shape and size distribution of its pores.
    [0082]
    [0083] DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    [0084]
    [0085] The present invention, in a first aspect, relates to a foamed material (hereinafter, foamed material of the present invention) comprising:
    [0086]
    [0087] - a structural matrix,
    [0088] - at least one host phase and
    [0089] - a fluid,
    [0090]
    [0091] characterized in that the structural matrix comprises a plurality of porous cavities interconnected with each other, the host phase is housed inside at least one porous cavity of the structural matrix and the fluid is housed inside the porous cavity.
    [0092]
    [0093] In a particular embodiment, the host phase is housed inside the porous cavity of the structural matrix, without maintaining any connection with it, so that, between walls of the porous cavity of the foamed material and the surface of the host phase there is a gauge of space that is occupied by the fluid.
    [0094]
    [0095] In a particular embodiment the host phase is housed inside the porous cavity of the structural matrix, maintaining union with said structural matrix, so that, between the walls of the porous cavity of the foamed material and the greater part of the surface from the host phase there is a gauge of space that is occupied by the fluid.
    [0096]
    [0097] In the present invention, it is understood as a union between the host phase and the structural matrix, to any physical or chemical bond between the host phase and the structural matrix through an area whose magnitude does not prevent, in any case, the interconnection between the cavities. porous of the structural matrix, in such a way that the fluid of the foamed material housed inside the porous cavities of the structural matrix can flow through it.
    [0098]
    [0099] In a particular embodiment, the structural matrix of the foamed material of the present invention is constituted by a material of metallic, polymeric, ceramic or mixtures thereof nature.
    [0100]
    [0101] In a more particular embodiment, if the structural matrix of the foamed material of the present invention is metallic in nature, the material of the structural matrix is selected from a pure metal, metal alloys and mixtures thereof. In a more particular embodiment, the pure metal is selected from among tin, lead, magnesium, aluminum, silver, copper and titanium, among others, alloys of metals that can contain them and mixtures thereof.
    [0102]
    [0103] In another more particular embodiment, if the structural matrix of the foamed material of the present invention is ceramic in nature, the material of the structural matrix is selected from among carbon, graphite, silicon, silicon carbide, alumina and zeolites, among others, and mixtures thereof.
    [0104]
    [0105] In another more particular embodiment, if the structural matrix of the foamed material of the present invention is polymeric in nature, the material of the structural matrix is selected from among nitrocellulose, vulcanized rubber, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane, among others, and mixtures thereof.
    [0106]
    [0107] In another particular embodiment, the structural matrix of the foamed material of the present invention is constituted by more than one material of a different nature, such as a mixture of metals, a mixture of ceramics, a mixture of polymers and / or a combination of all of them.
    [0108] In a particular embodiment, the host phase of the foamed material of the present invention is a functional material.
    [0109]
    [0110] In the present invention, functional material is understood as any material that confers a certain function, such as, for example, adsorbent function, absorbent (impact or radiation), catalytic, magnetic, support, catalyst support, release of chemical substances and drugs. , electrode function, etc.
    [0111]
    [0112] In a more particular embodiment, the functional material of the host phase of the foamed material of the present invention is selected from among adsorbent, catalytic, magnetic, catalyst support, chemical and pharmaceutical release materials, electrode materials, radiation absorbing materials , dielectric materials and any other type of material that confers a specific function to the functional material of the host phase of the foamed material of the present invention.
    [0113]
    [0114] More particularly, the functional material is selected from: carbon, activated carbon, graphite, alumina (M 2 O 3 ), activated alumina (M 2 O 3 ), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon (Si), carbide activated silicon (SiC), titanium carbide (TiC), activated titanium carbide (TiC), aluminum nitride (AlN), activated aluminum nitride (AlN), ceria (CeO 2 ), activated ceria (CeO 2 ), titania (TiO 2 ), activated titania (TiO 2 ), zeolites, organometallic skeleton materials (MOFs), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), iron, cobalt, nickel and metal alloys containing them , iron oxides (FexOy), cobalt oxides (CoxOy), and nickel oxides (NixOy).
    [0115] In another particular embodiment, the fluid housed inside the porous cavity of the foamed material of the present invention is a gas or a liquid.
    [0116]
    [0117] In a more particular embodiment, the fluid housed inside the porous cavity of the foamed material of the present invention is an inert or reactive gas, in its pure state or in the form of a mixture of gases, with a pressure comprised between 0.01 mbar and 10 bar
    [0118]
    [0119] In a more particular embodiment, the fluid housed inside the porous cavity of the foamed material of the present invention is a liquid. More particularly, it is water, waste water, contaminated aqueous solutions, ethanol, physiological saline, physiological fluid, etc.
    [0120] More particularly, the fluid is surrounding all or a large part of the host phase (s) in the porous cavity, so that the fluid can circulate inside the foamed material, since it has interconnected porosity, and renewed if a pressure gradient is imposed on its ends.
    [0121] In a particular embodiment, the foamed material of the present invention comprises a host phase that is housed in all of the porous cavities.
    [0122]
    [0123] In another embodiment in particular, the foamed material of the present invention comprises a host phase that is housed in a part of the porous cavities, leaving free of host phase and completely occupied by the fluid the rest of cavities.
    [0124]
    [0125] In another particular embodiment, the foamed material of the present invention comprises more than one host phase, which are housed in all of the porous cavities.
    [0126]
    [0127] In another particular embodiment, the foamed material of the present invention comprises more than one host phase which are housed in a portion of the porous cavities, leaving free of host phase and completely occupied by the fluid the remaining cavities.
    [0128]
    [0129] In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a foamed material of the present invention which comprises the following steps:
    [0130]
    [0131] a) coating the previously separated guest phase / s into particles or fibers, with at least one sacrificial material,
    [0132]
    [0133] b) compaction of the coated host phase (s) obtained in step a) to form a porous preform,
    [0134]
    [0135] c) infiltration of the porous preform of stage b), with a precursor liquid of the structural matrix,
    [0136]
    [0137] d) solidification of the precursor liquid of step c) and machining,
    [0138]
    [0139] e) elimination of the sacrificial material that covers the host phase.
    [0140]
    [0141] In a particular embodiment, the sacrificial material of step a) is a salt selected from halides, carbonates, fluorides, aluminates, sulfates and silicates.
    [0142]
    [0143] In another particular embodiment, step a) comprises the use of two or more different sacrificial materials.
    [0144]
    [0145] In the present invention, stage a) of coating the previously divided guest phase / s is carried out by any conventional coating technique, such as, for example: magnetically assisted impact coating, forced spray precipitation, impregnation, deposition. in vapor phase, coprecipitation from dissolution, fluidized bed spray coating, ball mill assisted coating, hot mixing and spheroidization coating of the filler material.
    [0146] In the present invention, stage a) of coating the previously divided guest phase (s) allows to generate continuous coatings, in order to generate materials in which the host phase does not maintain any connection with the structural matrix.
    [0147]
    [0148] In the present invention, stage a) of coating the previously divided host / s allows to generate discontinuous coatings, in order to generate materials in which the host phase maintains some union with the structural matrix.
    [0149]
    [0150] In the present invention, the step a) of coating the previously separated guest phase (s) to form a discontinuous coating is carried out by any conventional batch coating technique, such as, for example, growth of the coating under low conditions. nucleation and high crystalline growth or localized fracture of continuous coatings.
    [0151]
    [0152] In the present invention, step b) of compaction of the coated guest phase (s) obtained in step a) to form a porous preform, is carried out by any conventional compaction technique, such as, for example: vibration compaction, compaction by mechanical pressure, compaction by impacts and compaction by combination of impacts and vibrations.
    [0153]
    [0154] In the present invention, step c) of infiltration of the porous preform of stage b) with a precursor liquid of the structural matrix is carried out by any conventional infiltration technique, such as, for example: gas pressure infiltration, assisted infiltration by microwave, centrifugal infiltration and infiltration by mechanical pressure (squeeze casting).
    [0155]
    [0156] In the present invention, the step e) of elimination of the sacrificial material of the host phase (s) is carried out by a process of the state of the art that is suitable according to the nature of the latter / s, as for example : dissolution in liquid phases, one of the most common being water and aqueous solutions (for example, in coatings of high solubility in aqueous solutions such as NaCl), controlled thermal decomposition (for example, if the coating is a salt carbonate), and controlled combustion (for example, if the coating is carbon or polymeric).
    [0157]
    [0158] In a particular embodiment, the method of the present invention comprises an additional step of mixing sacrificial material particles together with the particles of the host phase (s) coated in step a) to be compacted in step b). When this additional step is performed, the final foamed material that is obtained comprises some of its porous cavities free of host phase / s and completely occupied by the fluid.
    [0159] In a particular embodiment, the method of the present invention comprises an additional step, preceding or following stage e) of elimination of the sacrificial material of the host phase (s), in which it is subjected to appropriate treatment to the precursor phase of the structural matrix.
    [0160]
    [0161] In a third aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the foamed material of the present invention for the adsorption of gases, liquids or dissolved solids.
    [0162]
    [0163] In a fourth aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the foamed material of the present invention as a catalyst.
    [0164]
    [0165] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the foamed material of the present invention as a filter of inorganic or biological substances.
    [0166]
    [0167] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the foamed material of the present invention for the controlled release of chemical substances or drugs.
    [0168]
    [0169] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the foamed material of the present invention as an implant material. In particular, the foamed material of the present invention acts as an implant allowing the growth of living tissue in its interior with the adsorbent host phase (s), in such a way that it retains at least one substance with pharmacological activity in a living organism. , so that said substance is released in a controlled manner by desorption from the host phase in the living organism.
    [0170]
    [0171] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the foamed material of the present invention as a magnetic material. In particular, the foamed material of the present invention contains one or more host phases with magnetic properties and acts as material that can be magnetically adhered to equipment that has magnets or electrically generated magnetic fields (electronic equipment) and allows their cooling by means of a heat transport fluid.
    [0172]
    [0173] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the foamed material of the present invention as impact absorbing material. In particular, the foamed material of the present invention acts as an impact absorber in passive safety parts of land, air and sea transport vehicles.
    [0174]
    [0175] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the foamed material of the present invention as an electrode material. In particular, the foamed material of the present invention acts as an electrode for the electrochemical conversion in processes of chemical synthesis or decontamination of water and / or air. More specifically, the structural matrix and the The host phase / s present a union, so that the electric current is transported by the structural matrix to the host phase, which acts as an electrode-active phase.
    [0176]
    [0177] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the foamed material of the present invention as an electromagnetic radiation absorbing material. In particular, the foamed material of the present invention acts as an absorber of electromagnetic radiation for its transformation into heat. In another particular use, the foamed material of the present invention acts as electromagnetic radiation absorbing material for its transformation into electrical energy.
    [0178]
    [0179] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the foamed material of the present invention as a radar wave resonator material, applied in radar invisibility technologies. In particular, the foamed material of the present invention can be formed by a structural matrix and one or several phases / s dielectric host / s, and a fluid constituted by a liquid metal at the application temperature, so that the foamed material configures a large set of electric inductors and capacitors that, together, create a resonating effect that can trap and suppress radar waves at certain frequencies.
    [0180] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the foamed material of the present invention as a template material for crystalline growth. In particular, the foamed material of the present invention acts as a template that allows crystalline growth in the gap between the structural matrix and the host phase (s).
    [0181]
    [0182] The foamed material of the present invention has the advantages that are discussed below.
    [0183]
    [0184] - In the event that the structural matrix and the host phase (s) do not have a union:
    [0185]
    [0186] i) The structural matrix of the foamed material of the present invention fulfills its functionality independently (eg, as a structural material, heat conducting material, electrically conductive material, etc.).
    [0187]
    [0188] ii) The guest phase / s of the foamed material of the present invention fulfills its functionality independently. The surface area of the host phase (s) is completely accessible by the fluid, so that the entire surface and the volume of the host phase (s) is perfectly functional within the pores of the foam.
    [0189]
    [0190] - In the event that the structural matrix and the host phase / s present union:
    [0191] iii) The structural matrix and the host phase / s of the foamed material of the present invention have functional symbiosis by means of the joints that allow the transport between both phases of mechanical stress, heat, electricity, etc.
    [0192]
    [0193] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    [0194]
    [0195] Figure 1 shows a scheme in which the interconnection of existing pores in a foamed material with structural matrix (1) and with host phase (2) and the manner in which a host particle (2) is housed in a porous cavity is illustrated (3) of the foamed material: (a) two-dimensional pattern in which the lines represent openings of interconnection between pores; and (b) three-dimensional representation of a representative volume fraction containing a host particle (2) housed in a porous cavity (3).
    [0196]
    [0197] Figure 2 illustrates the steps of the process of manufacturing a foamed material with a host phase that fills 100% of the cavities. The fundamental stages are the following:
    [0198]
    [0199] A. Manufacture of the preform
    [0200]
    [0201] (a) host phase (2) in finely divided form of particles or fibers;
    [0202] (b) coating the host phase (2) with a sacrificial material (4);
    [0203] (c) compacting the coated host phase (2) to form a porous preform housed in molds (5) suitable for infiltration;
    [0204]
    [0205] B. Infiltration
    [0206]
    [0207] (d) infiltration of the porous preform with a precursor liquid (1 ") of the foamed material, (e) directional solidification of the precursor liquid (1 ') of the foamed material by means of a cooling system (6) that allows directional cooling;
    [0208] (f) machining of the structural matrix (1) with tools (7) and conventional techniques;
    [0209]
    [0210] C. Processing of the foamed material
    [0211]
    [0212] (g) elimination of the sacrificial material (4), either by dissolution (g1) in a liquid phase (8) or by controlled reaction (g2) with a liquid or gas phase (8 ") until obtaining a pore foam interconnected (h) with host phases (2) completely filling their cavities.
    [0213] Figure 3 illustrates different types of foamed materials with host phases that can be achieved depending on the type of porous preform from which it is split and having a continuous coating of sacrificial material. On the left, the porous preforms are shown and on the right the different types of foamed materials obtained from them are shown:
    [0214]
    [0215] a) Porous preform obtained by compaction of a single host phase (2) covered by a single sacrificial material (4), to give a foamed material comprising all the porous cavities occupied by the host phase (2).
    [0216]
    [0217] b) Porous preform obtained from the compaction of more than one host phase (2 and 2 '), and coated with more than one sacrificial material (4 and 4') to give a foamed material comprising all the cavities porous cells occupied by the host phases (2 and 2 ').
    [0218]
    [0219] c) Porous preform obtained from the compaction of a host phase (2) coated with more than one sacrificial material (4 and 4 '), together with particles of sacrificial material (4 "), to give rise to a foamed material comprising only some porous cavities occupied by the host phase (2).
    [0220]
    [0221] d) Porous preform obtained from the compaction of more than one host phase (2 and 2 '') coated with more than one sacrificial material (4 and 4 ') together with particles of sacrificial material
    [0222]
    [0223] Figure 4 illustrates the effect of a non-continuous coating of the host phase (2) with a sacrificial material (4). It starts from a porous preform (a) formed by compaction of host phase particles (2) coated with a non-continuous coating of sacrificial material (4). Subsequent to the corresponding infiltration and machining, a material (b) is obtained in which the host phase is bound to the structural matrix at the points of discontinuity of the sacrificial material (4) that covers the host phase (2). Finally, after the removal of the sacrificial material (4), a foamed material (c) results, in which the host phase (2) and the structural matrix (1) maintain discrete joining points.
    [0224]
    [0225] Figure 5 shows a diagram of a device for coating finely divided material in the form of particles with NaCl, which has been used in the development of the embodiments presented in the present invention. The equipment consists of a quartz tube (9) that has two inlet holes, one (10) for pressurized air - which keeps the particles (11) in suspension forming a fluidized bed - and another (12) for a nebulized solution of NaCl. The equipment has a porous filter (13), which does not let the particles escape through the lower part of the tube, and is heated by electrical resistances (14).
    [0226]
    [0227] Figure 6 shows images of a foamed material obtained from a structural matrix (1) of a metallic nature, in particular aluminum, whose host phase (2) are SiC particles that fill all of the porous cavities. (a), (b) and (c) are images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (d) is an image obtained by conventional photography. In (a) the angular morphology of the SiC particles is shown, with an average diameter of about 750 micrometers; in (b) these same particles are shown with a coating of sodium chloride (NaCl), as sacrificial material (4), of thickness in the range 20-50 micrometers achieved with the device of Figure 5; in (c) an image of two SiC particles as a host phase is shown in the cavities of the aluminum structural matrix; in (d) a photograph of a piece of material is shown.
    [0228] Figure 7 shows images of a foamed material obtained from a structural matrix (1) of ceramic nature, in particular mesophase pitch, whose host phase (2) are active carbon particles that partially fill the porous cavities of the foamed material. (a), (b) and (c) are images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (d) is an image obtained by conventional photography. In (a) the morphology of active carbon particles is shown, with an average diameter of 1 millimeter; in (b) these same particles are shown with a coating of sodium chloride (NaCl) of thickness in the range 70-100 micrometers achieved with the device of Figure 5; in (c) an image of a particle of activated carbon as host phase (2) is shown in a porous cavity of the foamed material of mesophase pitch; in (d) a photograph of a piece of material is shown.
    [0229]
    [0230] Figure 8 shows images of a foamed material obtained from a structural matrix (1) of metal nature, in particular tin, whose host phase (2) are spherical cobalt particles that partially fill the porous cavities. (a) is an image obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (b), (c) and (d) are images obtained by optical microscopy. In (a) a cobalt particle, with an average diameter of 5 millimeters, coated with sodium chloride (NaCl), as sacrificial material (4), of thickness in the range 150-200 micrometers achieved with the device of the Figure 5; (b), (c) and (d) show images of cobalt particles as host phase (2) in the porous cavities of the foamed tin material.
    [0231] Figure 9 shows images of a foamed material obtained from a structural matrix (1) of a metallic nature, in particular aluminum, whose host phase (2) are activated carbon particles that fill all the porous cavities and in which the structural phase (1) and the host phase (2) maintain unions at discrete points. (a) is an image obtained by optical microscopy and (b) is an image obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In (a) the morphology of the activated carbon particles (of the same characteristics as those shown in Figure 7a) is shown in which a discontinuous coating of sodium chloride (NaCl) has been formed as sacrificial material (4), of thickness in the range 80-100 micrometers achieved with the device of Figure 5 by means of the control of the deposition conditions in order that the coating layer is formed by a few large crystals (the discontinuities appear between the crystalline grains); in (b) an image of a particle of activated carbon is shown as a host phase in a porous cavity of the structural aluminum matrix, with which it maintains a point union indicated in the figure.
    [0232]
    [0233] Figure 10 shows images of a foamed material obtained from a structural matrix (1) of a metallic nature, in particular aluminum, whose host phase (2) are particles of silicon carbide (SiC) that fill all the porous cavities and wherein the structural phase (1) and the host phase (2) maintain unions at discrete points. (a) is an image obtained by optical microscopy and (b) is an image obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In (a) the morphology of a silicon carbide particle (of the same characteristics as those shown in Figure 6a) is shown in which a discontinuous coating of sodium chloride (NaCl) has been formed as sacrificial material (4) , of thickness in the range 80-100 micrometers achieved with the device of Figure 5 by means of the control of the deposition conditions in order that the coating layer is formed by a few large crystals (the discontinuities appear between the crystalline grains) ; in (b) an image of a silicon carbide particle is shown as a host phase in a porous cavity of the aluminum structural matrix, with which it maintains a point union indicated in the figure.
    [0234] DETAILED EXHIBITION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
    [0235]
    [0236] The foamed material of the present invention is configured, in its simplest embodiment, by three phases (see Figure 1):
    [0237]
    [0238] - a structural matrix (1), comprising a plurality of porous cavities (3) interconnected with each other,
    [0239] - a host phase (2), in finely divided form of particles or fibers, which is housed in all or part of the porous cavities, and
    [0240] - a fluid, whose nature depends on the environment in which the material is located, since the porous cavities (3) are connected to the exterior through the interconnections between them.
    [0241]
    [0242] As mentioned in the general description of the invention, the foamed material of the present invention can be formed by several host phases (2 and 2 ") of different nature, in order that each of them provide a functionality different from the final foamed material.
    [0243]
    [0244] The material comprising the host phase (2) is preferably selected in the finely divided state, in the form of particles or fibers, whose dimensions can vary in the range 0.1 micrometer - 1 centimeter in diameter for particles and in the same diameter range and in the interval 0.1 micrometer - 5 centimeters in length for fibers.
    [0245]
    [0246] In its simplest embodiment, the method of manufacturing the foamed material with at least one host phase (2) and at least one sacrificial material (4) comprises the following steps (see Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4 for more detail) :
    [0247]
    [0248] a) continuous or discontinuous coating of the host phase (2) previously divided into particles or fibers, with at least one sacrificial material (4),
    [0249]
    [0250] b) compaction of the coated host phase (2) obtained in step a) to form a porous preform,
    [0251]
    [0252] c) infiltration of the porous preform of step b), with a precursor liquid of the structural matrix (1 '),
    [0253]
    [0254] d) solidification of the precursor liquid
    [0255]
    [0256] e) elimination of the sacrificial material (4) from the host phase.
    [0257] The coating of the host phase (2) is made with a sacrificial material (4) whose nature is selected as a function of the infiltrating liquid, since its melting / softening point must be higher than that of the latter. The sacrificial material (4) is preferably selected from: saline halides (eg: NaCl, KCl), saline carbonates (eg: K 2 CO 3 , CaCO 3 ), strontium fluorides (SrF 2 ) or barium (BaF 2 ), aluminate of sodium (NaAlO 2 ), saline sulphates (ex: MgSO4) and silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ).
    [0258]
    [0259] The coating of the host phase (2) with the coating material (4) can have a thickness that is preferably selected in the range 1 micrometer - 5 millimeters.
    [0260] The coating of the host phase (2) can be continuous or discontinuous. A continuous coating generates foamed materials in which the host phase (2) and the structural matrix (1) do not maintain any bond. A discontinuous coating generates materials in which the host phase (2) and the structural matrix (1) maintain discrete joints. In the case of discontinuous coatings these can only have discrete zones of discontinuity to ensure in the foamed material the interconnection between the porous cavities.
    [0261]
    [0262] The discontinuities of the discontinuous coatings can be generated in-situ, by means of the growth of the coating under conditions that favor a low nucleation and a high crystalline growth, or a posteriori, through the localized fracture of continuous coatings.
    [0263]
    [0264] The host phase (2) coated with the sacrificial material (4) is compacted in crucibles (5) whose nature depends on the melting / softening point and the chemical compatibility with the liquid with which the infiltration stage is to be carried out. The nature of the crucible (5) is preferably selected from the following group: glass (for compatible liquids with melting point / softening below 400 ° C), pyrex glass (for compatible liquids with melting / softening point below 600 ° C), quartz (for compatible liquids with melting / softening point below 1500 ° C), alumina (for compatible liquids with melting point / softening below 2000 ° C), graphite for compatible liquids with melting / softening point lower than 3500 ° C). The compaction of the host phase (2) coated with the sacrificial material (4) is carried out by means of some conventional compaction technique, preferably selected from the following: vibration compaction, compaction by mechanical pressure, impact compaction or compaction by combination of impacts and vibrations.
    [0265]
    [0266] The porous preform generated is subsequently infiltrated by a liquid precursor phase of the solid phase (1 ') which will form the structural matrix of the foamed material.
    [0267] Infiltration can be achieved preferably by infiltration by gas pressure, microwave assisted infiltration, centrifugal infiltration or mechanical pressure infiltration (squeeze casting). After the infiltration, the directional solidification of the infiltrating liquid material is carried out. Next, the material is demolded and machined with tools (7) and conventional techniques. It is possible that certain precursor materials
    [0268]
    [0269] The coating material (4) is removed following different methodologies depending on its nature. The removal method, which may be based on dissolution in a liquid phase (8) or in a controlled reaction with a liquid phase or gas (8 "), is preferably selected from the following group:
    [0270]
    [0271] a) elimination by dissolution in water or aqueous solutions - preferably for alkali halides (eg: NaCl, KCl), alkaline and alkaline earth carbonates (eg: K 2 CO 3 , CaCÜ3), strontium fluorides (SrF 2 ) or barium (BaF 2 ), sodium aluminate (NaAlO 2 ), magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4);
    [0272]
    [0273] b) elimination by dissolution in acids - preferably for silicon dioxide (SiO 2 );
    [0274] c) elimination by thermal treatment - preferably for alkaline and alkaline-earth carbonates (eg: K 2 CO 3 , CaCO 3 );
    [0275]
    [0276] d) combustion (heat treatment in atmosphere with presence of oxygen) -preferably for carbon or polymeric coatings.
    [0277]
    [0278] The processes based on elimination of slaughter material (4) by dissolution can be carried out preferably by the following methods: i) immersion in the solution for a controlled time; ii) immersion in the solution for a controlled time followed by injection of the solution at a certain pressure for a controlled time. This combined method (ii) allows a more rapid elimination of the slaughter material (4).
    [0279]
    [0280] The dimension of the free space remaining between the cavities of the structural matrix (1) and the host phase (2) is defined by the thickness of the covering material (4).
    [0281] The opening of interconnection between the different porous cavities of the foamed material is a function of the shape adopted by the particles or fibers of the host phase (2) after their coating with the sacrificial material (4) and the way in which they touch. in the compacted that forms the porous preform. In any case, it must be ensured that the interconnection opening does not equal or exceed the diameter of the particles or fibers of the host phase (2), since this could cause the exit of the host phase (2) of the material and the loss of the functionality of the material, which would be transformed into a conventional foam of the material that makes up the structural matrix (1).
    [0282]
    [0283] As shown in Figure 3, the foamed material may contain more than one host phase (2, 2 ") and may have been made with one or more sacrificial coating materials (4, 4 '), in addition to containing unoccupied cavities. by host phase (2) generated from sacrificial particles (4 ") of the same or different nature than the slaughter material or materials used to coat the host phase (s).
    [0284]
    [0285] Likewise, the foamed material can be comprised of a structural matrix and one or several host phase / s that maintain connections between them, so that the host phase (s) are / are fixed by means of one or several anchors. physical or chemical discrete with the structural matrix. The number and size of these anchors should be minimal, in order to ensure the interconnection of all the porous cavities in the foamed material (Figure 4). For this, the foamed material must have been made by means of a discontinuous sacrificial coating (4), so that the infiltrating liquid can penetrate between the discontinuity channels and reach the host phase. The subsequent solidification of the infiltrating material must maintain these junctions between the host phase and the structural matrix.
    [0286]
    [0287] EXAMPLES OF REALIZATION
    [0288] EXAMPLE 1
    [0289]
    [0290] In this example, the embodiment of foamed aluminum pore material interconnected with host phase (2) of particles of silicon carbide (SiC) with an average diameter of 750 micrometers that fill all (100%) of the porous cavities is described. The particles of the host phase (2) were then coated with NaCl as sacrificial material (4), by the method of deposition by forced precipitation with spray. To this end, the device shown in Figure 5 was prepared, which allows keeping the particles in suspension by means of a fluidized bed generated by the inlet of an inert gas (argon) through a porous material placed in the lower part of the device. The system allows the heating of the particles up to a maximum temperature of 1000 ° C. In particular, the SiC particles were maintained at a temperature of 300 ° C. Through the inlet hole ((12) in Figure 5) a nebula generated by the vaporization of a solution prepared with 20 g of NaCl in 100 g of water was allowed to enter. The nebula was projected during intervals of 5 seconds, with intervals of rest between each nebulization of 30 seconds. By this method a compact layer of NaCl was achieved with a coating thickness of 20-50 microns.
    [0291]
    [0292] 18 grams of SiC particles thus coated (SiC-NaCl) were compacted in a quartz crucible of 17 mm in diameter and 150 mm in length. The compacted bed reached a height within the 50 mm tube. A piece of aluminum metal (25 g) was added to the top of the bed and the assembly was moved into an infiltration chamber. This was closed and vacuum applied to a pressure of 0.1 mbar. Subsequently, the temperature was raised to 750 ° C by means of a heating ramp of 3 ° C / min. The temperature was maintained at 750 ° C for 15 minutes and then pressure was applied in the chamber to a pressure of 5 bar.
    [0293]
    [0294] The pressure was maintained for 2 minutes and then the crucible was lowered to the bottom of the infiltration chamber, which acts as a cold trap for directional and rapid solidification. After the solidification, the sample was demolded and mechanized to eliminate the remaining metal, until access was had to the coated particles on all sides of the cylinder. The machining was carried out by means of a cutting saw and then by means of a lathe, using cutting tools, to finally perform a fine finish by abrasive sanding of successive grains 240 and 400 (grit measurement system). The removal of the sacrificial material (4) was achieved by immersing the piece in water in a magnetically stirred beaker for 5 minutes. After this time, the piece was adjusted to a tube through which water was passed under pressure of 4 bar, with which the complete dissolution of the salt was achieved in a time of 15 minutes. Details of the material obtained can be seen in Figure 6.
    [0295] EXAMPLE 2
    [0296]
    [0297] In this example, the embodiment of a foamed aluminum pore material interconnected with host phase (2) of silicon carbide (SiC) particles with an average diameter of 750 micrometers that fill half (50%) of the porous cavities is described. The embodiment is identical to that of EXAMPLE 1 but is based on a mixture of SiC particles with a mean diameter of 750 micrometers coated with NaCl (SiC-NaCl) with a coating thickness of 20-50 micrometers and NaCl particles of diameter average of 750 micrometers. The volume ratio of the mixture used is 1: 1 for SiC-NaCl: NaCl, for which 8.88 grams of SiC-NaCl particles and 6.47 grams of NaCl particles are used.
    [0298]
    [0299] EXAMPLE 3
    [0300]
    [0301] In this example, the embodiment of pore mesophase pitch foamed material interconnected with host phase (2) of active carbon particles with a mean diameter of 1 millimeter that fill all (100%) of the porous cavities is described. The particles were then coated with NaCl by the method of deposition by forced precipitation with spray in the same manner as in EXAMPLE 1. A coating thickness of 70-100 micrometers was achieved. The infiltration with mesophase pitch was carried out at 400 ° C by an infiltration procedure analogous to that described in EXAMPLE 1. The embodiment is identical to that of EXAMPLE 1 but a quantity of 13 grams of active carbon particles was started. Details of the material obtained can be seen in Figure 7.
    [0302]
    [0303] EXAMPLE 4
    [0304]
    [0305] In this example, the embodiment of pore tin foamed material interconnected with host phase (2) of cobalt spherical particles with an average diameter of 5 millimeters that fill half (50%) of the porous cavities is described. The particles were then coated with NaCl by the method of deposition by forced precipitation with spray in the same way as in EXAMPLE 1. A coating thickness of 150-200 microns was achieved. Tin infiltration was performed at 400 ° C by an infiltration procedure analogous to that described in EXAMPLE 1. The embodiment is identical to that of EXAMPLE 1 but part of a mixture of cobalt particles with an average diameter of 5 millimeters coated with NaCl (Co-NaCl) and NaCl particles with an average diameter of 3 millimeters. The volume ratio of the mixture used is 1: 1 for Co-NaCl: NaCl, for the which were used 23 grams of Co-NaCl particles and 6.5 grams of NaCl particles. Details of the material obtained can be seen in Figure 8.
    [0306]
    [0307] EXAMPLE 5
    [0308]
    [0309] In this example, the embodiment of pore tin foamed material interconnected with two host phases of active carbon particles (2) and spherical cobalt particles is described.
    [0310]
    [0311] EXAMPLE 6
    [0312]
    [0313] In this example, the embodiment of foamed aluminum pore material interconnected with host phase (2) of active carbon particles with an average diameter of 1 millimeter that fill all (100%) of the porous cavities and in which the matrix structural (1) of aluminum and the host phase (2) of active carbon maintain unions in discrete points. The particles were then coated with NaCl by the method of deposition by forced precipitation with spray in the same way as in EXAMPLE 1 but in this case the nebulized solution was saturated in NaCl. A discontinuous coating thickness of 80-100 microns was achieved. The embodiment is identical to that of EXAMPLE 1 but was started from an amount of 13 grams of active carbon particles. Details of the material obtained can be seen in Figure 9.
    [0314] EXAMPLE 7
    [0315]
    [0316] In this example, the embodiment of a foamed aluminum pore material interconnected with host phase (2) of silicon carbide (SiC) particles with an average diameter of 750 micrometers that fill all (100%) of the porous cavities and wherein the structural matrix (1) of aluminum and the host phase (2) of silicon carbide maintain joints at discrete points. The particles were then coated with NaCl by the method of deposition by forced precipitation with spray in the same way as in EXAMPLE 1 but in this case the nebulized solution was saturated in NaCl. A discontinuous coating thickness of 80-100 microns was achieved. The embodiment is identical to that of EXAMPLE 1 but was based on an amount of 16 grams of silicon carbide particles. Details of the material obtained can be seen in Figure 10.
    权利要求:
    Claims (24)
    [1]
    1. Foamed material comprising:
    - a structural matrix (1),
    - at least one host phase (2), and
    - a fluid,
    characterized in that the structural matrix (1) comprises a plurality of porous cavities (3) interconnected between each other, the host phase (s) (2) is housed within the interior of at least one porous cavity (3). ) of the structural matrix (1) and the fluid is housed inside the porous cavities (3).
    [2]
    2. Foamed material according to claim 1, wherein the host phase (s) (2) is housed inside the porous cavities (3) of the structural matrix (1) without maintaining any connection with said matrix structural (1).
    [3]
    3. Foamed material according to claim 1, wherein the host phase (s) (2) is housed inside the porous cavities (3) of the structural matrix (1) maintaining discrete unions with said structural matrix (one).
    [4]
    4. Foamed material according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the structural matrix (1) is constituted by a material of metallic, polymeric, ceramic or mixtures thereof nature.
    [5]
    5. Foamed material according to any of claims 1-4, wherein the structural matrix (1) is constituted by a metal material selected from a pure metal, metal alloys and mixtures thereof.
    [6]
    6. Foamed material according to any of claims 1-4, wherein the structural matrix (1) is constituted by a material of ceramic nature selected from among carbon, graphite, silicon, silicon carbide, alumina, zeolites and mixtures thereof.
    [7]
    7. Foamed material according to any of claims 1 -4, wherein the structural matrix (1) is constituted by a material of polymeric nature selected from among nitrocellulose, vulcanized rubber, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane and mixtures thereof.
    [8]
    8. Foamed material according to any of claims 1-7, wherein the host phase (s) (2) is / are a functional material.
    [9]
    9. Foamed material according to claim 8, wherein the host phase (s) (2) is / are a functional material selected from adsorbent materials, absorbents (impact or radiation), catalytic, magnetic, support, catalyst support, liberators of chemical substances and / or drugs and materials with electrode function.
    [10]
    10. Foamed material according to any of claims 8-9, wherein the functional material is selected from: carbon, activated carbon, graphite, alumina (M 2 O 3 ), activated alumina (M 2 O 3 ), silicon (Si) , silicon carbide (SiC), activated silicon carbide (SiC), titanium carbide (TiC), activated titanium carbide (TiC), aluminum nitride (AlN), ceria (CeO 2 ), activated ceria (CeO 2 ) , titania (TiO 2 ), activated titania (TiO 2 ), zeolites, organometallic skeleton materials (MOF s ), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), iron, cobalt, nickel and metal alloys that contain them, iron oxides (Fe x O y ), cobalt oxides (Co x O y ), and nickel oxides (Ni x O y ).
    [11]
    11. Foamed material according to any of claims 1-10, wherein the fluid is a liquid or a gas.
    [12]
    12. Process for the preparation of a foamed material according to any of claims 1-11, comprising the following steps:
    a) continuous or discontinuous coating of the guest phase (s) (2) previously divided into particles or fibers, with at least one sacrificial material (4),
    b) compaction of the coated guest phase (s) (2) obtained in step a) to form a porous preform,
    c) infiltration of the porous preform of step b), with a precursor liquid
    [13]
    13. Process according to claim 12, wherein the sacrificial material (4) of step a) is a salt selected from halides, carbonates, fluorides, aluminates, sulfates and silicates.
    [14]
    The method according to any of claims 12-13, comprising a further step of compaction of the sacrificial material particles of step b) together with the particles of the host phase (2) coated in step a).
    [15]
    15. Method according to any of claims 12-14 wherein the coating step is performed with two or more slaughter materials.
    [16]
    16. Use of the foamed material according to any of claims 1-11 as adsorption material.
    [17]
    17. Use of the foamed material according to any of claims 1-11, as a catalyst.
    [18]
    18. Use of the foamed material according to any of claims 1-11, for the controlled release of drugs.
    [19]
    19. Use of the foamed material according to any of claims 1-11, as implant material.
    [20]
    20. Use of the foamed material according to any of claims 1-11, as a magnetic material.
    [21]
    21. Use of the foamed material according to any of claims 1-11, as absorption material.
    [22]
    22. Use of the foamed material according to any of claims 1-11, as electrode material.
    [23]
    23. Use of the foamed material according to any of claims 1-11, as a wave resonator material.
    [24]
    24. Use of the foamed material according to any of claims 1-11, as a template material.
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    同族专利:
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